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续航千里的固态电池，为何车企集体“用不起”？_我的网站

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A | RENO, Nev. -- In an ongoing legal battle with the Biden administration over a Nevada lithium mine, environmentalists are poised to return to court with a new approach accusing U.S. wildlife officials of dragging their feet on a year-old petition seeking endangered species status for a tiny snail that lives nearby. The Western Watersheds Project said in its formal notice of intent to sue that the government's failure to list the Kings River pyrg as a threatened or endangered species could push it to the brink of extinction.It says the only place the snail is known to exist is in 13 shallow springs near where Lithium Americas is building its Thacker Pass Mine near the Oregon line.President Joe Biden has made ramped-up domestic production of lithium a key part of his blueprint for a greener future. Worldwide demand for the critical element in the manufacture of electric vehicle batteries is projected to increase six-fold by 2030 compared with 2020.Past lawsuits filed by conservationists and tribes have taken aim — largely unsuccessfully — at the Interior Department’s Bureau of Land Management, which they accused of cutting regulatory corners to expedite approval of the mine itself in 2021.The new approach targets the department's Fish and Wildlife Service, charged with ensuring protection of fish and wildlife habitat surrounding the mine site 200 miles (321 kilometers) northeast of Reno.Western Watersheds Project says groundwater pumping associated with the mine’s 370-foot-deep (113-meter) open pit will reduce or eliminate flows to the springs that support the snails.In the formal 90-day notice of intent to sue sent to Interior Secretary Deborah Haaland last month, they say her agency's failure to make a 12-month finding on the listing petition filed in September 2022 is a violation of the Endangered Species Act.“The Fish and Wildlife Service isn’t supposed to sit on its hands while species are in imminent danger of extinction, but the fact that it hasn’t met the deadlines on the pyrg raises questions about why they might be delaying,” Adam Bronstein, the project's Nevada director, said in a statement.“It would be absolutely unacceptable if the Biden Administration is waiting until it’s too late to save the species so as not to interrupt the construction of a lithium mine," he said.Interior Department spokeswoman Melissa Schwartz said in an email Thursday the department had no comment on the group's intent to sue.Western Watersheds Project said time is of the essence because the snails were imperiled even before any new mining was contemplated due to livestock grazing, round-building and, increasingly, the anticipated impacts of climate change.“The species has no regulatory protection whatsoever ... because it is not an endangered species, or even a Bureau of Land Management-listed Sensitive species, and has no state law protections," the notice said.Conservationists and tribal lawyers claimed a partial victory last year when U.S. District Judge Miranda Du concluded the bureau failed to fully comply with new interpretations of the 1872 Mining Law. But she stopped short of blocking the project, allowing construction to begin as the bureau shored up plans for disposal of waste rock.The opponents appealed, but the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals upheld Du's ruling in July.The tiny snail’s shell is less than 2 millimeters (0.08 inches) tall. By comparison, a U.S. nickel coin is 1.95 millimeters thick. They've managed to survive in isolated springs, which are remnants of extensive waterways that have covered what is now dry land only to recede many times over the last 2 million years, the listing petition said.The project says three of the springs are within a 1-mile (1.6-kilometer) buffer zone, the bureau established in its review of potential impacts of a 10-foot (3-meter) drawdown of the groundwater table, and the rest are less than 4 miles (4.8 kilometers) away."As drought frequency increases with climate change, the Kings River pyrg will be at high risk of extinction,” the letter to Haaland said. It notes that the Nevada Department of Wildlife considers the pyrg “extremely vulnerable to climate change.”Lithium Americas had no comment on the notice of intent to sue the Fish and Wildlife Service, spokesman Tim Crowley said. The company said when the listing petition was filed last year that it's done extensive work to design a project that avoids impacts to the springs.The Bureau of Land Management said earlier its environmental review of the project that it didn't detect any of the snails "within the direct footprint of the project or any area likely to be adversely affected by the project.”。新能源汽车一路狂奔，动力电池是“心脏”。当传统锂电池逼近性能天花板，全行业的眼光都投向了固态电池。而进入2025年，它的发展仿佛被按下了“快进键”。 2024年底，中国电动汽车百人会副理事长兼秘书长张永伟就已经将固态电池列为2025年中国新能源汽车产业发展趋势之一。张永伟表示，全固态电池当前处于核心技术突破和验证阶段，有望在未来2～3年完成小批量上车，“整车厂已经投资固态电池，传统电池企业更不会放弃，电池行业新势力也在靠固态新赛道力图重塑电池产业格局。” 在此背景下，车企、电池巨头纷纷下场，一场围绕新技术的“跑马圈地”已然开启。比如，宁德时代提到其主攻硫化物路线，目前已进入20Ah样品试制阶段，并将全固态电池研发团队扩充至超1000人；太蓝新能源提出了“4321”固态电池减材制造理念；国轩高科全固态金石电池目前处于中试量产阶段，并已启动2GWh量产线的设计工作；容百科技固态电解质业务聚焦在硫化物与卤化物两大技术路线，第一代全固态电池正极材料产品处于吨级验证阶段，计划年内完成材料定型等。 10月初，人民日报报道，我国科学家成功攻克全固态金属锂电池的“卡脖子”难关，让固态电池性能实现跨越式升级，以前100公斤重的电池最多支持500公里续航，如今有望突破1000公里天花板。在技术持续突破的大背景下，行业预测，到2027年全固态电池开始装车，预计到2030年可以实现量产化应用。不过，尽管全固态电池凭借其性能优势已受到全产业链企业的高度关注，成为行业聚焦的热点方向，但该技术现阶段仍面临多重挑战。一方面，部分核心技术细节仍需持续打磨优化；另一方面，高生产成本也成为制约其快速推进的关键因素。

B | 固态电池赛道，巨头云集当前的固态电池赛道巨头云集。从产业链上游到下游，再到国际市场，各类头部企业均在积极布局。上游材料端企业积极行动，推动固态电池关键材料从实验室走向商用。 5月，贝特瑞新材料集团股份有限公司正式对外发布了针对固态电池材料的整体解决方案。其中央研究院院长李子坤博士指出，3D多孔锂碳复合材料、硫化物固态电解质等核心材料已不再是蓝图，而是具备商用能力的成熟方案；同月，恩捷股份子公司在玉溪投建3亿元硫化物固态电解质项目，投产后预计年产1000吨相关材料；10月，中自科技的“先进固态电解质材料及固态电池中试平台”入选成都高新区中试平台名单，为技术成果转化搭建了关键桥梁。产业链中游的电池制造企业同样紧跟步伐，包括宁德时代、国轩高科、南都电源、亿纬锂能、德尔股份和欣旺达等头部企业均已入局。不过，需要注意的是，即便都是电池制造企业，大家在固态电池研发方面的路线和技术，又都不完全一样，呈现多元化特点。比如，宁德时代和国轩高科主要走的是硫化物路线；德尔股份和欣旺达走的是聚合物复合路线；南都电源则选择了氧化物路线。在实际应用端，车企们纷纷公布固态电池的落地时间与技术突破，加速推进量产上车。 10月20日，东风汽车发文表示，东风汽车已构建自主可控的固态电池供应链体系，相继掌握了电解质、隔膜、原位固化等核心技术，形成了240Wh/kg、350Wh/kg固态电池产品，最高续航里程也已成功突破1000公里。长安汽车今年将首发搭载全固态电池的样车，2026年进行规模化的装车验证，2027年逐步量产。“现在指标大概是400Wh/kg，上车之后续航大约1500公里，安全性比现在最安全的液态电池还要再提高70%。”长安汽车副总裁、深蓝汽车CEO邓承浩表示。此外，吉利计划2026年量产搭载400Wh/kg能量密度的全固态电池；上汽集团新一代全固态电池将在今年底量产装车，2027年“光启电池”正式落地；广汽集团计划2026年固态电池将在昊铂车型上搭载等。据时代周报不完全统计，目前奇瑞、吉利、上汽、广汽、比亚迪、东风等头部传统整车厂均已下场布局固态电池。国际巨头也不甘示弱。丰田计划最早在2027年推出首款搭载量产全固态电池技术的车型；三星SDI的固态电池技术聚焦硫化物路线，计划2027年实现量产；奔驰搭载全新固态电池的测试车已开启道路试验。发展很快，但“拦路虎”不容小觑回顾我国固态电池的快速发展，关键节点始于2024年，且在2024年下半年有了大踏步发展。数据显示，2024年下半年以来，中国申请的全固态电池专利快速增长，是日本的三倍。从理论上来讲，与液态电池相比，固态电池的能量密度更强，充电速度更快。车百智库最新调研报告《全固态电池有望引领新一轮电池革命》指出，当前液态锂离子电池能量密度已接近上限（约350Wh/kg），而全固态电池能量密度有望突破500Wh/kg。

C | 更重要的是，固态电池的安全性更好，其解决了当前液态电池易燃的问题。这也是全产业链企业积极参与其中的关键因素。尤其是随着“有望突破1000公里天花板”相关技术的突破，固态电池似乎马上要进入下一个阶段。但事实上，想要从实验室到真正的规模商用化，摆在当前固态电池面前的“拦路虎”，不止一只。成本问题首当其冲。贝特瑞集团研究院固态电池项目负责人杨成林表示，全固态电芯成本达到5元/Wh。以此计算，其成本是主流液态锂离子电池（即“液态电池”）0.5元～0.55元/Wh的10倍左右。以80kWh的电池包为例，仅电芯成本，固态电池就高达40万元左右，相比液态电池的4万～4.4万元，要高出35.6万元以上。蜂巢能源董事长杨红新也曾公开表示，全固态电池虽潜力巨大，但目前成本仍为液态电池的5～10倍，量产仍面临材料、工艺、产业链等多重挑战。根据乘联会秘书长崔东树公布的数据，2025年9月中国新能源汽车均价为15.8万元。也就是说，固态电池仅在材料方面多出来的成本，就可以买两辆新能源车还有结余。此外，运行压力要求也是固态电池与当前液态电池差异显著、且需重点突破的关键技术难点。